闁辫畝椤屾簮

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​​FINDING THE LOST FREEDOM

The private car is assumed to have widened our horizons and increased our mobility. When we consider our children’s mobility, they can be driven to more places (and more distant places) than they could visit without access to a motor vehicle. However, allowing our cities to be dominated by cars has progressively eroded children’s independent mobility. Children have lost much of their freedom to explore their own neighborhood or city without adult supervision. In recent surveys, when parents in some cities were asked about their own childhood experiences, the majority remembered having more, or far more, opportunities for going out on their own, compared with their own children today. They had more freedom to explore their own environment.

Children’s independent access to their local streets may be important for their own personal, mental and psychological development. Allowing them to get to know their own neighborhood and community gives them a "sense of place”. This depends on "active exploration”, which is not provided for when children are passengers in cars. (Such children may see more, but they learn less.) Not only is it important that children be able to get to local play areas by themselves, but walking and cycling journeys to school and to other destinations provide genuine play activities in themselves.

They are very significant time and money costs for parents associated with transporting their children to school, sport and other locations. Research in the United Kingdom estimated that this cost, in 1990, was between 10 billion and 20 million pounds. (AIPPG)

The reduction in children’s freedom may also contribute to a weakening of the sense of local community. As fewer children and adults use the streets as pedestrians, these streets become less sociable places. There is less opportunity for children and adults to have the spontaneous of community. This in itself may exacerbate fears associated with assault and molestation of children, because there are fewer adults available who know their neighbors’ children, and who can look out for their safety.

The extra traffic involved in transporting children results in increased traffic congestion, pollution and accident risk. As our roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians. Anyone who has experienced either the reduced volume of traffic in peak hour during school holidays, or the traffic jams near schools at the end of a school day, will not need convincing about these points. Thus, there are also important environmental implications of children’s loss of freedom.

As individuals, parents strive to provide the best upbringing they can for their children. However, in doing so, (e.g. by driving their children to sport, school or recreation) parents may be contributing to a more dangerous environment for children generally. The idea that “streets are for cars and back yards and playgrounds are for children” is a strongly held belief, and parents have little choice as individuals but to keep their children off the streets if they want to protect their safety.

In many parts of Dutch cities, and some traffic calmed precincts in Germany, residential streets are now places where cars must give way to pedestrians. In these areas, residents are accepting the view that the function of streets is not solely to provide mobility for cars. Streets may also be for social interaction, walking, cycling and playing. One of the most important aspects of these European streets, in terms of giving cities back to children, has been a range of “traffic calming” initiatives, aimed at reducing the volume and speed of traffic. These initiatives have had complex interactive effects, leading to a sense that children have been able to do this in safety. Recent research has demonstrated that children in many German cities have significantly higher levels of freedom to travel to places in their own neighborhood or city than children in other cities in the world.

Modifying cities in order to enhance children’s freedom will not only benefit children. Such cities will become more environmentally sustainable, as well as more sociable and more livable for all city residents. Perhaps, it will be our concern for our children’s welfare that convinces us that we need to challenge the dominance of the car in our cities.​​​​鑰冪敓濡傛灉鎬曡嚜宸遍尟(cu貌)閬�(gu貌)鑰冭│鍫�(b脿o)鍚嶆檪(sh铆)闁撳拰鑰冭│鏅�(sh铆)闁撶殑瑭�锛屽彲浠� 鍏嶈不(f猫i)闋�(y霉)绱勭煭淇℃彁閱�锛屽眴鏅�(sh铆)鏈�(hu矛)浠ョ煭淇＄殑鏂瑰紡鎻愰啋澶у鍫�(b脿o)鍚嶅拰鑰冭│鏅�(sh铆)闁撱€�

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​​Researchers in the field of psychology havefound that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosinga university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization ofa decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people totheoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of theworksheet procedure believe that it will yield the optimal, that is, the bestdecision. Although there are several variations on the exact format thatworksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects.Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and thenlisting all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by eachdecision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration orconsequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision ismathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative withthe highest number of points emerges as the best decision.

Since most important problems aremultifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with uniqueadvantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil-and-paperdecision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variablesthan their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, peoplecan keep about seven ideas in their mind at once. A worksheet can be especiallyuseful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example formany college students is the training, pursue an advanced degree, or travelabroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with a concisestatement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important tobe clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals becauselong-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the questionabove to “What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successfulcareer?”

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